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当前位置:首页 > 医疗器械资讯 > 学术论文 > 强化降脂治疗对急性冠脉综合征患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗效果的影响

强化降脂治疗对急性冠脉综合征患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗效果的影响

文章来源:创新医学网发布日期:2013-06-26浏览次数:27256

   作者:贾新未,周磊1,傅向华2,丁超3,梁淑新  作者单位:1 河北省高阳县妇幼保健院 2 河北医科大学第二医院干部心血管病房 3 白求恩国际和平医院心内科 4 河北大学附属医院临床检验中心 (河北大学附属医院心内科,河北 保定 071000)

  【摘要】目的探讨强化他汀治疗对急性冠脉综合征患者PCI术后心肌灌注的影响及可能机制。方法行择期PCI的急性冠脉综合征患者228例,随机分为标准他汀组(n=115)和强化他汀组(n=113)。于PCI术前7 d,纪录PCI后的TIMI血流、纠正的TIMI计桢数(CTFC)以及TIMI心肌灌注分级(TMPG)等。于PCI前后测量肌酸磷酸激酶(CK)、CK同工酶MB(CPK-MB)、肌钙蛋白I(TnI)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、P选择素和细胞间黏附分子(ICAM)水平。结果 强化他汀组支架置入后TIMI血流0~1级显著少于标准他汀组,3级显著多于标准他汀组(P<0.05)。强化他汀组无复流发生率显著低于标准他汀组(P<0.001)。CTFC在强化他汀组显著低于标准他汀组(P<0.001)。强化他汀组的TMPG也显著优于标准他汀组(P=0.001)。PCI术后24 h,CPK-MB和TnI在强化他汀组显著低于标准他汀组〔CPK-MB:(18.74±8.41) ng/ml vs (21.78±10.64) ng/ml,P=0.018;TnI:(0.99±1.07) ng/ml vs (1.47±1.54) ng/ml,P=0.006〕。标准治疗组CK-MB升高者占27.8% (32/115),强化他汀组则只有15.9%(18/113)(P=0.030)。标准他汀组TnI升高者显著多于强化他汀组〔36.5% (42/115) vs 19.5%(22/113),P=0.04〕,其中,标准他汀组的心肌坏死发生率为13%(15/115),而在强化他汀组仅为4.4%(5/113)(P=0.021)。PCI术后24 h,强化他汀组的hs-CRP、P选择素及ICAM水平均显著低于标准他汀组(P<0.001)。结论 PCI术前使用强化他汀治疗比标准他汀治疗能更有效改善急性冠脉综合征患者的心肌灌注、减轻心肌损伤。同时伴有hs-CRP、P选择素和ICAM-1水平显著降低。
  【关键词】 急性冠脉综合征;辛伐他汀;心肌灌注;经皮冠状动脉;无复流
  【Abstract】 ob[x]jective To study the effect of intensive statin pretreatment on acute coronary syndrome(ACS) patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI), and probe into the mechanisms. Methods A total of 228 ACS patients were randomly divided into standard statin group (SSG, n=115) and intensive statin group (ISG, n=113). Patients in SSG were given 20 mg simvastatin and patients in ISG were given 80 mg simvastatin for 7 days before PCI. TIMI grade flow (TGF), corrected TIMI fr[x]ame count (CTFC) and TIMI myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG) of the intervened vessel were recorded before and after stent deployment. CPK isoenzyme MB, troponin I and plasma level of hs-CRP, P-selectin and ICAM were measured before and 24 hours after the procedure. Results The TFG after stent deployment was significantly improved with less TIMI 0-1 patients and more TIMI 3 blood flow in ISG than those in SSG (all P<0.05). Patients with no reflow phenomenon were less in ISG (P<0.001). The CTFC was lower in ISG than that in SSG (P<0.001). TMPG was also improved in ISG than that in SSG (P=0.001). Twenty-four hours after the procedure, although PCI caused significant increase in CK-MB, the elevated CK-MB value was lower in ISG than that in SSG (18.74±8.41 vs 21.78±10.64, P=0.018). Similar changes were also found with regard to Troponin I (0.99±1.07 vs 1.47±1.54 , P=0.006). CK-MB elevation was occurred in 27.8% (32/115) in SSG versus 15.9% (18/113) in ISG (P=0.030). Among them, myocardial necrosis was detected in 4.4% (5/115) of the patients in SSG, whereas 0.9% (1/113) in ISG (P=0.341). No myocardial infarction was found. Similarly, the patients with increased troponin I were much more in SSG (36.5%, 42/115) than that in ISG (19.5%, 22/113) (P=0.04). Among them, myocardial necrosis was detected in 13% (15/115) of the patients in SSG, while 4.4% (5/113) in ISG (P=0.021). Myocardial infarction was found in 4.4% (5/115) in the patients in SSG and 0.9% (1/113) in ISG (P=0.213). Conclusions Intensive statin pretreatment for 7 days before PCI can further improve myocardial blood perfusion, protect myocardium from ischemic injury. This benefit is associated with the lowering of hs-CRP, P-selectin and ICAM level.

  【Key words】 Acute coronary syndrome; Simvastatin; Myocardium perfusion; Percutaneous coronary; No reflow

  经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)是急性冠脉综合征(ACS)的有效治疗手段,但术后较高的无复流常导致急性心肌梗死甚至心搏骤停等严重后果〔1〕。因此,如何有效改善PCI后心肌灌注至关重要。文献表明,使用他汀类药物进行强化降脂治疗可改善ACS患者的长期预后〔2〕。Patti等〔3〕发现对稳定型心绞痛患者,在PCI前7 d使用阿托伐他汀(40 mg/d)可显著减少PCI后24 h的心肌损伤,改善其30 d临床预后。虽然对极高危冠心病患者使用强化降脂治疗已经被美国心脏病协会/美国心脏学会(AHA/ACC)作为Ia类指征〔4〕,但老年患者是发生PCI相关心肌损伤的高危人群,强化降脂治疗对老年PCI患者心肌的保护作用、对PCI后即刻心肌灌注效果的影响等尚未明确。本研究探讨强化他汀降脂治疗对老年ACS患者择期PCI即刻效果的影响,并通过检测PCI前后高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、Q选择素以及细胞间黏附分子1(ICAM-1)水平的改变,探讨其可能机制。
  1 对象与方法
  1.1 研究对象

  2007年9月至2008年10月在我院行择期PCI的ACS患者284例。ACS定义为以下之一:①不稳定型心绞痛;②急性非ST段抬高心肌梗死;③急性ST段抬高心肌梗死。排除标准包括:①妊娠;②哺乳期;③术前7 d曾使用过对比剂;④丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)升高;⑤对比剂过敏史;⑥多发性肌炎;⑦合并心源性休克;⑧左心室射血分数<40%;⑨30 d以内口服过他汀类药物治疗者。入院后,所有患者停用维生素C、N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)、双胍类药物以及非甾体类抗炎药物,术前停用利尿剂。本研究经过医院伦理委员会批准,所有患者签署知情同意书。
  1.2 研究方法

  所有患者被随机分为标准他汀治疗组和强化他汀治疗组。PCI按标准方法进行。由两位不知情的医生对介入治疗血管PCI后的心肌梗死溶栓试验(TIMI)血流、纠正的TIMI计桢数(CTFC)以及TIMI心肌灌注分级(TMPG)等进行独立判定,二人判定结果不一致时取其平均值。
  PCI成功的标准为术后TIMI血流3级且残余狭窄小于30%。将支架置入后TIMI血流小于2级定义为无复流。所有患者使用非离子低渗(渗透压915 mOsm/kg)有机碘对比剂〔欧乃派克(碘海醇)〕。
  于PCI术前7 d,标准他汀组患者接受20 mg辛伐他汀、强化他汀组患者接受80 mg辛伐他汀治疗。入院后所有患者顿服阿司匹林300 mg、氯吡格雷300 mg,然后术后长期服用阿司匹林100 mg/d、氯吡格雷75 mg/d,至少服用12个月。PCI术后全部患者长期服用辛伐他汀(20 mg/d)。
  于PCI前后分别测量肌酸磷酸激酶(CK)、CPK同工酶MB(CK-MB)以及肌钙蛋白I(TnI)水平。按美国学术联合会(ARC)标准〔5〕,如果术后CPK-MB、TnI超过99%正常上限值,则诊断PCI后心肌坏死;如果超过正常上限值2倍则诊断PCI相关心肌梗死。使用酶联免疫吸附法测定PCI前后hs-CRP、P选择素和ICAM-1水平。
  1.3 统计学方法
  采用SPSS10.0统计软件进行分析。连续变量以x±s表示;分类变量以百分比表示。对符合正态分布的连续变量的比较采用两个独立样本t检验,否则采用u检验;对分类变量采用χ2检验和非舍尔精确检验。
  2 结 果
  2.1 一般状况比较
  284例患者中,有26例因STEMI接受了急诊PCI治疗,18例急性非ST段抬高心肌梗死患者因频繁心绞痛发作或合并心力衰竭、低血压、严重心律失常等而于5 d内接受了PCI治疗,12例患者因ALT升高而被除外。如此,共有228位患者入选本研究,经随机分组,115例患者被分入标准他汀组,113例患者被分入强化他汀组。两组的平均年龄、性别构成、危险因素等均无显著差异。术前肌酐、肌酐清除率、血糖、胆固醇以及血红蛋白等实验室指标也无显著性差异。两组患者服用药物情况无显著性差别。见表1。表1 两组患者的基本临床和实验室资料比较

  2.2 两组PCI特征比较

  经PCI治疗的血管数两组无显著差别,平均每位患者置入2个以上支架,大部分支架为药物支架。慢性闭塞病变数两组相似,接受多支血管PCI的患者数两组也无显著差别。超过20%的患者PCI中接受了血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂治疗。见表2。表2 两组患者的PCI特征比较

  2.3 PCI后心肌灌注状态和心肌损伤程度

  在强化他汀组,支架置入后TIMI血流0~1级显著少于标准他汀组,TIMI血流3级显著多于标准他汀组(P<0.05)。强化他汀组无复流发生率显著低于标准他汀组(P<0.001)。校正的TIMI帧数(CTFC)在强化他汀组显著低于标准他汀组(P<0.001)。强化他汀组的TMPG也显著优于标准他汀组(P=0.001)。见表3。表3 支架置入后即刻的心肌灌注状态 图1 PCI后24 h CK-MB 和TnI 升高情况

  2.4 血清hs-CRP、P选择素及ICAM的变化
  PCI前两组的血清hs-CRP、P选择素及ICAM水平无显著差别。虽然PCI后24 h两组的血清hs-CRP、P选择素及ICAM水平均显著升高,但强化他汀组的hs-CRP、P选择素及ICAM水平均显著低于标准他汀组(P<0.001)。见表4。表4 PCI前后血清hs-CRP、P选择素以及ICAM水平的比较
  3 讨 论
  PCI后心肌坏死的发生率高达40%〔6〕。虽然很多患者并无临床症状,但即使轻微的心肌坏死也和以后的死亡率增加显著相关〔7〕。虽然预防PCI后心肌坏死的措施已经有很多研究报道,但迄今为止,它仍是PCI后的常见并发症〔6〕。
  许多大型临床试验已经证明,他汀类药物可改善冠心病患者(尤其是PCI后)长期预后〔8〕。近,关于PCI术前使用他汀类药物的心脏短期保护作用也有不少报道〔9〕。但是,这些研究均为回顾性、非随机研究,使用的他汀药物种类、剂量和PCI术前使用时间等也不相同。Patti等〔3〕研究发现,对ACS患者PCI术前12 h使用80 mg阿托伐他汀强化治疗可显著改善PCI后心肌损伤、降低术后急性心肌梗死发生率。虽然在PCI术前7 d开始使用阿托伐他汀,但此研究仅使用了中等量(40 mg/d),而且研究对象仅为稳定性心绞痛患者。另外,上述研究都使用安慰剂做对照。本研究选择ACS患者为研究对象,这是能从强化他汀治疗中获益的高危患者群体〔10〕。因此,本研究采用前瞻性的随机对照研究,证明了PCI术前7 d使用强化他汀治疗(辛伐他汀80 mg/d)比使用常规剂量(辛伐他汀20 mg/d)更能有效减轻ACS患者PCI后的心肌损伤。本研究使用标准剂量他汀作为对照,研究对ACS患者使用强化他汀治疗的益处,更接近目前临床工作的现实。
  积极有效地改善PCI术后的心肌灌注至关重要,对此已经进行了大量研究〔11,12〕。本文研究了强化他汀治疗对PCI后TIMI血流和TIMI心肌灌注分级的影响,证实了强化他汀治疗比标准他汀治疗能进一步改善心肌组织水平灌注,降低无复流的发生。虽然未测定血清胆固醇水平的变化,但上述7 d的强化他汀治疗的益处可能并不是胆固醇水平降低的结果。除了降低胆固醇以外,他汀类药物还具有多种作用,如抗氧化〔13〕、抗炎〔14〕和抗血栓形成〔15〕等。通过抑制内皮黏附分子的表达,他汀类药物还能够改善内皮功能〔16〕,减轻微血管痉挛。由于PCI后无复流现象的发生可能涉及上述多种机制,因此使用强化他汀治疗就具有其合理性。Chyrchel等〔17〕发现对非ST抬高ACS患者PCI前使用阿托伐他汀80 mg/d治疗在降低MACE事件的同时,伴有CRP水平的显著降低。Celik等〔18〕报道急性心肌梗死患者入院CRP水平和PCI后无复流的发生有关。JUPITER研究〔19〕发现瑞舒伐他汀治疗可使CRP增高患者的血管事件减少44%。Patti〔20〕发现PCI前使用阿托伐他汀治疗7 d在减轻心肌损伤的同时,伴有ICAM-1和E选择素的降低。Yang等〔21〕的研究发现,阿托伐他汀可通过抑制凋亡、氧化应激和炎症反应来保护缺血心肌。本研究发现,PCI后hs-CRP、P选择素和ICAM-1升高,反映了PCI后炎症反应、血小板聚集、血栓形成以及内皮损伤的存在,而使用强化他汀治疗比标准他汀治疗能更有效抑制上述反应。这可能是本研究中强化他汀改善PCI后心肌灌注、减轻心肌损伤的潜在机制。
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